World Religions Paper free essay sample

World Religion Paper (Rough Draft) By: Allison Workman The religion that I have decided for my report is Wicca. Wicca is the religion of Witchcraft likewise alluded to as the Craft. There are numerous fantasies that are related with the Wiccan religion. Witches don't perform ride brushes and they are not â€Å"bad or scary† individuals. Truth be told most witches are typical individuals we interact with consistently. I have learned many intriguing realities with regards to my weeks investigating this religion. Right now my site visit and meeting have not been finished because of family clinical issues with my source. Be that as it may, the meeting and site visit are both planned for April 3, 2011 I will endeavor to present a synopsis of those by mid week one week from now for audit. Look into Wicca and Christianity are entirely comparable from numerous points of view. Be that as it may, there are huge contrasts in the convictions of the gatherings too. We will compose a custom article test on World Religions Paper or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Both Christianity and Wicca have an image that is noticeable inside the religion. Christians have the cross that speaks to the passing of Jesus to wash away the wrongdoings of humankind. Wicca’s image is the pentagram. Regardless of the reports to the opposite the pentagram isn't the image of a Satanist; in truth Satan doesn't exist in the Wiccan culture. The pentagram is the image of the four components (water, air, fire, earth) and the sprit which draws them all together. The two religions have bunches that adore together. Christians call these gatherings and they typically meet in a Church. At the point when a gathering of witches accumulate to venerate the gathering is alluded to as a Coven and they by and large practice outside however not generally. A few Covens will accumulate at the home of the High Priestess to venerate. Meeting spots will contrast from Coven to Coven. A significant number of the Ethical and Social perspectives on these religions are comparable too. The Wiccan Rede is â€Å"If it hurts none, do what you will†. Christians for the most part attempt to live by the Golden Rule. â€Å"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you†. These two expressions have a comparable importance. The two religions accept that ladies and men are equivalent in esteem as individuals. The two religions likewise acknowledge ladies in mainstream positions of authority. All Wiccan strict gatherings accept that ladies should hold strict positions of authority also; a few categories of the Christian beliefs are tolerating of this, yet others despite everything accept that men ought to be the strict pioneer of the family/church. The quantity of contrasts between these two gatherings is a lot bigger that the likenesses. One of the most striking is that Christianity is a monotheistic religion and Wicca is a polytheistic religion. While Christians love God. The Wiccans revere the God and Goddess at the same time. The Wiccan religion is about balabance so the love of the God and the Goddess implies the equalization, however the essential concentration to a witch is the goddess. Witches acknowledge homosexuality totally where Christians accept that homosexuality is a transgression. Christians adore each Sunday and Witches love on the 13 full moons of the years and furthermore perform ceremonies on the Sabbats.

Internet Make Us Lose Focus Essay Example For Students

Web Make Us Lose Focus Essay okIm an A Plan rascal myself. My fathers been there for a long time at this point! : ) I got my completely stacked 2001 Twilight Blue ZTS, excluding Advance-Trac or moonroof (DAMN IT!!!) for $15,000 in addition to burden, labels, service contract and the Protection bundle costs. Came out to around mid-16,000. I dont figure I did really awful. That is with entirely faulty credit and a 9.8% loan cost and no downpayment. My first BRAND NEW vehicle. hahahaha I figure I did okay, however I realize I got screwed on the last expense. Gracious no doubt, I got a multi year rent as well. I got the multi year/60,000 mile warranty.2001 ZX3, 5-speed. Force bundle, premium bundle, moonroof. Recorded for $15,200 and got it for $13,900. $12,900 after the discount. Ive possessed it for a month, have 1,600 miles, averaging around 29 mpg, with no probs! Love my ZX3 Mine was about $16,700 and I didnt have any cash for an up front installment. This was the S2 version however which has the european tuned suspension, spoiler, and moonroof, it had the 6 plate in run disc player likewise, yet I took that out and put in my television. I got my 2000 SE Sedan for $14,400. It had all choices short auto, ABS, side airbags, and calfskin. I truly needed the ABS and side airbags however wasnt going to hold on to have one uncommon arranged I had just been to 5 businesses that day and was pretty left to discover one so near what I needed. V, when managing for the vehicle, they will be pulling pranks on you to cause it to appear as though they cannot go any lower. At the point when they state I need to go look at this with my director, make it appear as though you are indifferent and have throughout the day pull out your gameboy or palm pilot and begin messing around. Ensure they realize that you recognize what you are discussing, and that the vehicle you are managing for is a trade off, not the one vehicle you have gone through your entire time on earth searching for. On the off chance that the vehicle has been on the parcel for some time, at that point its occupying valueable room and they have to dispose of it. In the event that it just jumped on the part, at that point on the off chance that they sell it immediately the holdback they get from Ford is unadulterated benefit. One other thing I discovered is that there is a plane club up in Wisconsin or Minnesota or something that costs 20 or 30 bucks to join however individuals get X-Plan evaluating from Ford. You might need to investigate that. Alter the spot is http://www.eaa.org and participation is $40.00. X-Plan is A-Plan + 4%, which would work out to around $1500 off the Focus retail cost, in addition to you despite everything meet all requirements for limits (like the new alumni markdown you are presently qualified for). Interestingly, in the event that you fund or rent, you need to do it through Ford Credit (well, you could generally get an advance from your bank and pay money for the vehicle).

5n, n=1

5n, n=1 Im in Phoenix for the International Science Engineering Fair (ISEF). I got in yesterday, and last night I decided to take in the Arizona Diamondbacks-Washington Nationals baseball game at Bank One Ballpark. The game was exciting, with Washingtons Tony Armas Jr and Arizonas Shawn Estes having a nice pitchers duel in the early innings and a come-from-behind win by the home team thanks to a Troy Glaus three-run home run. Yet I couldnt help but think of Fenway Park and the Red Sox. Fenway, I think, is like MIT: when youre there, you can feel the energy running through the place, like everyone is excited to be there. Theres nowhere else like it. A Red Sox game will be one of the highlights of my MIT 5 Year Reunion, coming up in just a few weeks (can you believe it?). The weekend of MIT Commencement (graduation), usually the first week in June, is also the weekend of all the 5n Year Reunions (where n is a counting number). More featured events from my forthcoming reunion include a Class of 2000 Boston Harbor Cruise, a reunion dinner at Baker House (my old dorm), a Young Alumni Networking Brunch, and, perhaps the best of them all, Tech Night at the Pops: For 108 years now, Tech Night at the Pops has been one of the most beloved traditions at the Institute. Generations of MIT alumni, guests, graduating seniors, graduating graduate students and their families come together for an exclusive concert and a rousing rendition of the alma mater, In Praise of MIT. Once again Keith Lockhart will lead the Boston Pops with his trademark charm and good humor. This years event will also feature some homegrown talent. MIT Media Lab professor of music Tod Machover has composed a new concerto for a hyperpiano and orchestra. Machover, who has a history of breaking traditional artistic and cultural boundaries, also heads up the labs Opera of the Future, which uses computers to augment musical expression and creativity. Additionally, his concerto, performed by the Pops, will feature a visual component projected onto a large screen above the orchestra. This will actually be my first time at Tech Night at the Pops, and I must say Im looking forward to it. Symphony Hall will be full of just MIT folks; well have Keith Lockhart all to ourselves! (My mom thinks Keith Lockhart is dreamy) And of course the sure-to-be-off-key sing along of the MIT alma mater; feel free to join in: Arise All Ye of MIT Arise all ye of MIT, in loyal fellowship. The future beckons unto ye and life is full and good. Arise and raise your glass on high; tonight shall ever be A mem'ry that will never die, for ye of MIT. Thy sons and daughters, oh MIT, return from far and wide And gather here once more to be renourished by thy side, And as we raise our glasses on high to pledge our love for thee We join all those of days gone by in praise of MIT.

The Role Of Father Involvement For Children Development Essay

his essay presents about Role in the father involvement literature trough the researches. To know the father involvement for children development. Further we present what different other nation’s father role and what is going changed. This paper is based on The Effects of Father Involvement: An Updated Research Summary of the Evidence(FIRA, Sarah Allen, Kerry Daly, University of Guelph). It is not to compare with father and mother, Knowing the father’s importance. This paper is for Students and someone who be a father. Know how the father is important to children development. Keywords: Development, Father, Involvement, Roles Cognitive Development Cognitive Development is a field of study in neuroscience and psychology focusing on a child’s development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of brain development and cognitive psychology compared to an adult’s point of view. Even a child’s cognitive development during early childhood, which includes building skills such as pre-reading, language, vocabulary, and numeracy. So cognitive development is important to grow those skills. Infants of highly involved fathers, as measured by amount of integration, including higher levels of play and caregiving activities, are more cognitively competent at 6 months and score higher on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. By one year they continue to have higher cognitive functioning are better problemShow MoreRelatedFather s Role As A Child s Development1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe literature review examines the father s role as being very important to a child s development and brings out positive benefits when they’re actively involved. A father who is involved ensures a sufficient amount of cognitive ability, supports the child s educational achievements and awareness of overall health and social behavior. Fathers are more than just the second adult in the home. When involved fathers, biological or not, they bring positive benefits to a child that no other person isRead MoreWhy Father Is Important?1587 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Father Are Important Did you grow up without your father? If not, what if you did? How did it make you feel? What was the importance of your father’s presence and involvement in your life? As these are questions I’ve examined to see if a father’s presence and involvement are important to development. The father role present-day is continually diminishing from the values that constitute a traditional family. Non- traditional and single parent family structures are a growing phenomenon. AccordingRead MoreCognitive Development During Early Childhood Development1252 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Development Children of involved fathers are also more likely to live in cognitively encouraging homes. Cognitive Development is a field of study in neuroscience and psychology, focusing on a children’s development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of brain development and cognitive psychology compared to an adult’s point of view(Schacter, Daniel L, 2009). Even a child’s cognitive development during early childhoodRead More Research on early fathers and mothers involvement and childs later educational outcomes831 Words   |  4 Pagesparents and the future assessment of their children in school. Previous to this article, little research was given to the individual long-term contribution that early parent involvement had in a child’s success in school. Flouri and Buchanan had three particular goals in mind while completing this research: (1) To explore the role of early father involvement in childrens later educational attainment independently of the role of early mother involvement and other confounds, (2) to investigate whetherRead MoreFather Involvement Of A Child s Life980 Words   |  4 PagesThe irreplaceable role that a mother plays in a child’s life has been under the microscope for years. There are many that feel that in order for a child to grow up â€Å"normally†, the relationship they have with their mother is a vital indication as to how their life will unfold. It has been said that the relationship a child has with their mother plays a big role in how they form relationships with others and if those relationships will be healthy. While the involvement of a mother in a child’s lifeRead MoreObstacles of Fathers in the United States1610 Words   |  7 Pagesengagement, and obstacles of fathers in the United States. The authors noted that fathers who participated in this survey range between the age of 18 and older. This telephone sur vey consists of fathers themselves answering questions related to their own fatherhood roles. Further, this article presents the results of the hundreds of American men promoting behaviors, such as agreeing or disagreeing about being involve, cohabitating or married to the child or children mother. This child may be an adoptiveRead MoreA Single Mother Working Three Jobs1637 Words   |  7 Pagesa little bit. I chuckle because I am now a mother, I see what â€Å"those friends† are doing in life now and I see what I am doing in life. That does not make me any greater of a person, but it makes me thankful for the raising I received. Without a father in the household, my mother had to wear several different hats at one time. By that, I mean she had to play several different parts as a parent. She was and still is an authoritative parent. My mother was the one to tell us no, to correct us whenRead MoreInfluence Of A Mother On A Child s Well Being And Development951 Words   |  4 Pagesa child’s well-being and development (Pougnet, Serbin, Stack, Schwartzman, 2011). However, research has shown that an engaged and loving father can contribute greatly to a child’s cognitive, social, and psychological development (Bronte-Tinkew, Carrano, Horowitz, Kinukawa, 2008; Duursma, Pan, Raikes, 2008; Pancsofar Vernon-Feagans, 2010; Wilson Prior, 2010). However, not just the mere presence of a father is enough to make a difference in a child’s development. Research has shown thatRead MoreThe Environment And Development Of Children1321 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Millions of children suffer from poor development. Environmental factors, such as family, school and peers, play a major role in the healthy development of children. This is a single case study that involves Anna, a 9 year old female with a history of social and cognitive issues. Anna attends a quality educational institution, but fails in her academic performance, in comparison to her peers. Anna is also overtly shy, which inhibits her from establishing friendships with her peers.Read MoreThe National Education Goals Of The United States1493 Words   |  6 Pagespromote partnerships that will increase parental involvement and participation in promoting the social, emotional, and academic growth of children† (National Education Goals Panel, 1998). According to the final report, there was no significant change in the level of parent participation in the majority of the states. The No Child Left Behind law established strict provisions for states, school districts, and schools w ith regard to parental involvement among the parents of disadvantaged students for

Values Reflection - 805 Words

Values Reflection Jeremy Paasch CJA 474 August 3, 2015 Jon Sowers Values Reflection Values are the fundamental beliefs of a person, and they help guide us in making decisions and how we live our lives. Values are a part of our everyday life and in the workplace. In the workplace, these are the guiding principles that help to define how the corporation would behave. In this essay, the author will identify personal core values and discuss how we acquire and change values throughout life. Also will discuss what values do for us and the importance of values in the workplace. Identify core values For a person like me to be considered ethical, you would have to have a few core values that you would use in everyday life including†¦show more content†¦As a person I believe I have strong values and have made right choices in my life. I am a very honest and dependable person that makes a positive impact at home and the workplace. We gain out outlook on values from day one starting with our parents and on up to role models and our environment. These values can change depending on outside factors and events in our lives. Values help us differ from right and wrong and help us with decisions every day. One of the biggest venues for values is in the workplace where we face challenges and obstacles all the time. Working with others and on team’s present challenges where our values come into play on how we work cohesively. References Whisenand, P. M., amp; McCain, J. K. (2014). Managing Police Organizations. In P. M.Whisenand, amp; J. K. McCain, Managing Police Organizations (p. 33). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Yourdictionary.com. (n.d.). Examples of Core Values. Retrieved August 3, 2015, from Your Dictionary:Show MoreRelatedValues and Reflection Paper837 Words   |  4 PagesValues and Reflection Paper Enrique Riccardi CJA/474 - MANAGING CRIMINAL JUSTICE PERSONNEL January 25, 2014 Jason Husky Abstract Reflection paper will address some topics while reflecting on core values, brief description on how some professionals in the field acquire their own values and with time may change their values. It will give a definition of what values in the workplace are, and explain what these values do for us as professionals. In this paper the reader will also beRead MoreValues Reflection Paper744 Words   |  3 PagesValues Reflection Paper Brandy Alston University of Phoenix Managing Criminal Justice Personnel CJA/474 Professor Leroy Hendrix October 30, 2013 Values Reflection Paper Introduction Values are closely similar to what life means, life is relevant when an individual has accomplished a stimulating obligation for themselves. Values are deserving of an individual’s best accomplishment, values are merits for living or for dying. Values are accomplishments every individualRead MoreReflection On Values Reflection And Clarification1432 Words   |  6 Pages Values Reflection and Clarification Breonna Bastian Metropolitan State University Reflection Reflecting on our values and beliefs at times can be a very important part of our lives. It not only helps us become more aware of how we react to things or situations, but it also makes our decision - making easier in both our personal and professional life. When reflecting on my personal life, I am able to depict what inspires me, feeds my spirit, nurtures my personal growth, and what ultimatelyRead MoreValues Reflection Paper1304 Words   |  6 PagesValues Reflection Ursula Wilson CJA/474 November 18, 2012 Mathew Workman Values Reflection Every individual has a set of his or her own personal values that dictates how he or she reacts to situations in life and these values also define who he or she is. Values are significant and lasting viewpoints and principles shared by most people in society in regard to what is morally right or wrongRead MoreReflection About Values1336 Words   |  6 PagesValues play a keen role in how society is structured. They are the core of how generations geared their daily lives. People base major life decisions have values such as religious, political, dietary etc. Although, many values are set in stone some either tend to be switched a little, replaced, or just completely erased. As society progresses so does the way millennials think hence, newly emerging values like sociologist Hensley discussed. My family holds our values in a high place and are to pastRead MoreReflection of Values and What Matters925 Words   |  4 PagesEveryone is different, and with different people come dif ferent values. We all can’t come to one understanding of what should be an â€Å"important† value to everyone because we cannot see eye to eye one what we should value. There are many variables that create the difference between everyone’s values, whether it’s their past, future, morals, family, cultural, or life lessons. Being a young adult, I believe I’ve managed to find what I value in my life at this point where my life has brought me. I’ve comeRead MoreReflection1650 Words   |  7 PagesIan-Bradley Tancred This essay analyses and describes what reflection is and how it supports your personal and professional learning. It elaborates upon how and why recognizing your strengths and weaknesses are important and how they can enhance lifelong learning. It describes what arguments and assertions are, what the differences are between them and which one is better. Debnath describes reflection as a means of self-examination to learn from knowledge and experiences which will help transformRead MoreFreire s Theory Of The Oppressed And The Oppressor Collins, Brooks, And Kidd1628 Words   |  7 PagesFreire addresses in his Pedagogy of the Oppressed as he emphasizes how liberation transcends time, and atmosphere. Instead he chooses to illustrate a process which is embodied by acceptance of the oppressor, activism, fellowship, solidarity, and reflection, it is these components that create the means for a successful path to liberation, while simultaneously allowing for the identification of personal and societal growth (Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed). Brooks, Collins, and Kidd’s novelsRead MoreHow to Become a Great Leader1510 Words   |  7 Pagesthe achievement of our goals. As a company we don’t review the capabilities of each manager. I believe like the authors of this article that this cannot be taught or trained but thi s can only be achieved by continuous review, seeking feedback and reflection. Do you understand what you’re trying to attain? As mentioned by the authors it is a fact that most managers are disorganised, fragmented and even chaotic. I would agree with this statement and I would find my role to be more reactive than proactiveRead MoreThe Development Of A Pdp917 Words   |  4 Pagesbroaden the range of methods we employ. Reflection According to Lew and Schmidt (2011) the role of reflection in education has created an upsurge of interest amongst educators and researchers since Dewey’s 1991 ground-breaking work, which emphasized the positive roles that reflection might play in fostering students’ self-reflection, critical thinking, and in the demonstrable development of professional values or skills. The definitions of self-reflection, though heterogeneous, are united in their

Renaissance and Middle Ages Free Essays

string(248) " sculpted subjects in authentic detail, for as Italian Leon Battista Alberti instructed in his 1435 Della pittura: â€Å"It will help, when painting living creatures, first to sketch in the bones, for they always occupy a certain determined position\." Historians call the period we live in Modern Times. Modern Times began with the Renaissance, one of the rare periods of genius in the world’s history. Beginning in the 14th century and reaching its height in the 15th, the Renaissance was a new age filled with remarkable accomplishments meaning â€Å"rebirth†. We will write a custom essay sample on Renaissance and Middle Ages or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Renaissance refers to the rediscovery by humanists of the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The individualization of man began in this era, and it was during this period that man began to focus on the secular aspects of life rather than hierarchical Christianity, which was the stranglehold of the Middle Ages. The ordered, formalistic medieval society broke down and Europe emerged from the Dark Ages. The Renaissance was a period of discovery in many fields. Advances in science were numerous and contributed to the growth of the era. Beliefs and theories that were common during the Middle Ages were gradually being rejected and scientific investigation during the Renaissance lead to an increased understanding of the natural world. Along with discoveries in science, the Renaissance proved to be one of the great ages of fine arts, leaving a rich legacy. The art from the Middle Ages was revolutionized in the Renaissance and is one of the most prominent variances between the two eras. The intellectual energies of the Renaissance, however, came from the literature of many masters. Humanism was emphasized, which contrasted the church driven society of the Middle Ages. Advances and accomplishments in science, fine arts and literature made the Renaissance a golden period, which flourished far beyond the achievements of the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, discoveries in science, particularly in astronomy, physics, and anatomy exceeded those of the Middle Ages. Vital to the growth of scientific investigation was a progressive rejection of astrology and magic, creed that was prevalent in medieval times. The scientists of the Renaissance rejected any sort of magic because observation and experimentation did not support it. Scientists of the Renaissance made many breakthroughs increasing their knowledge and understanding of the world. Important inventions were medieval in origin as well. For example, the magnetic compass that directed Renaissance explorers to Asia and the Americas was innovated in the Middle Ages. But it was the humanism that was brought out in the Renaissance, which separates it from the Middle Ages. Equally important to the development of science was humanism, for among the ancient writings that the humanists collected were those that inspired scientific research. Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the ideas of astronomy and forever changed the way Western civilization looks at the universe. At Copernicus’s birth, Europeans believed that the earth was stationary, at the center of the universe, and all other heavenly bodies, including the sun, revolved around the earth. Copernicus used observation and mathematical analysis to overturn this concept. After careful calculations and observations, Copernicus realized that the earth both revolves around the sun and rotates about its own axis. The importance of Copernicus’ discovery was not only that he provided future astronomers with groundwork; he challenged pervious theories on astronomy and the universe. Studying the heavens, however, was very difficult as the human eye could only see so much. Italian astronomer Galileo constructed a telescope for observing the galaxy. With this device, he discovered that the surface of the moon was covered with craters, mountains and valleys, and discovered other satellites orbiting the planet Jupiter. The rationality and reason promoted by renaissance researchers would become increasingly important not only to science but to Western thought. Those who came after this period would refine its methods and techniques and open up much more of the natural world to human understanding, but they would always be indebted to the pioneering work of these early scientific thinkers. The Renaissance was also one of the great ages of art. It was an era of artistic experimentation and discovery led by famous painters and sculptors whose works are perhaps more than any other accomplishments representative of the Renaissance in today’s world. The art from the Middle Ages differed tremendously from the Renaissance. During the Middle Ages, the arts had reflected that period’s deep interest in religion. Paintings for instance, were either portraits of Christ, the Virgin Mary, the saints or illustrations of scenes from the Bible. In the Renaissance however, art became less religious in nature. Much of it dealt with more worldly subjects: portraits, of living people, landscapes, and scenes of everyday life. Religious subjects did not disappear entirely. Some of the greatest religious art dates from the Renaissance, such as Leonardo da Vinci’s 1497 painting the Last Supper, and Michelangelo’s 1504 sculpture David. Yet, there was a more secular tone to Renaissance art than to medieval art. This artistic shift came in part because the patrons of artists were often nobles nd business and civil leaders rather than, as in the Middle Ages, the church. A second difference between Renaissance and medieval art was the supreme importance of architecture during the Middle Ages. To the medieval world, architecture was the most sublime of arts because architects were responsible for the design and building of the great churches and cathedrals of the period. At this time, both painting and sculpture were used a lmost exclusively to decorate these church buildings. Although architecture remained important in the Renaissance, painting and sculpture were the chief arts. Again this change in emphasis had a great deal to do with the rise of the private patron: few, like the Catholic Church, could afford to finance a building but any one of whom could pay for a statue. A third difference between medieval and Renaissance art was the latter’s emphasis on realism. Renaissance artists tried to represent the human figure as realistically and naturally as possible. To achieve this realism, both painters and sculptors studied anatomy and the world around them. They worked hard to portray their painted or sculpted subjects in authentic detail, for as Italian Leon Battista Alberti instructed in his 1435 Della pittura: â€Å"It will help, when painting living creatures, first to sketch in the bones, for they always occupy a certain determined position. You read "Renaissance and Middle Ages" in category "Papers" Then add the sinews and muscles, and finally clothe the bones and muscles with flesh and skin. As Nature clearly and openly reveals all these proportions, so the earnest painter will find great profit from investigating them in Nature. Because of its close association with the observation of the natural world, this Renaissance realism came to be known as naturalism. Leonardo da Vinci is seen as one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance. Far more than just a painter, he was also an engineer, mathematician, inventor, architect, and writer. Moreover, he was a scientist, whose interests were in biology, physics, and chemistry. The ai m of his studies, particularly those in anatomy, was to make his paintings better. He believed firmly that studying the paintings of others alone would produce only minor work. However, a painter who also studied nature would, in his opinion, produce great art. The art produced in the Renaissance was a rebirth of the classical Greek and Roman works. After centuries of stiff representation, artists began again to study Nature herself, and to work from the living model. New ideas of grace, harmony, and beauty were cultivated into classic works that revolutionized fine art of that period from a sacred to a secular tone. Parallel to the development of fine arts, was an awakening of the human intellect through written works. Innovation and invention were the hallmarks of Renaissance literature. As in art, humanism influenced its literature through both its ideas and its focus on classical writings. A contributing factor to the spread of humanism was printing. Until the Renaissance, books were produced by hand. In 1465, the printing press was invented in Germany. Although printing technology had been developed in China as early as the second century AD, the 15th century printing press was combined with another innovation: moveable metal type. With this invention, came a rise in literacy. Books became available to everyone, significantly speeding up the spread of classical knowledge and humanist ideas. During the Middle Ages, only the clergy and a few others could read, whereas Renaissance readers came from all social classes. By the 16th century, about half the population of London could read and write to some degree. One of the most important developments that took place in Renaissance literature was the expanded use in books and poems of such languages as Italian, French, and English, rather than Latin. Although Latin remained the international language of Europe, Renaissance authors increasingly wrote in their native languages. The rise of the vernacular made it possible for the middle classes of Europe to read and write in their own language rather than Latin. Many prominent writers of the time such as Petrarch (1304- 1374), and Dante (1265- 1321) saw the use of the vernacular as a means of passing on classical virtues and knowledge to a far wider audience than was possible with Latin. The scholars Thomas G. Bergin and Jennifer Speake note: â€Å"Petrarch’s determination that the classical ideal should permeate every aspect of life led to what has been called the â€Å"humanism of the vernacular†: the ennobling not only of the native tongue, but also of everyday experience under the influence of classical models. † Poets and other writers were generally enthusiastic about the use of the vernacular, feeling that their native languages brought their work alive i n a way no ancient, outdated language could. Writers in the Renaissance era began to experiment with new forms of literature. In France, the great pioneer in vernacular writings was the French humanist Francois Rabelais. He not only experimented with writing in French, but he also began a new literary form, the novel. The result was the birth of the French novel, which ridiculed the medieval church and way of thought during the Middle Ages. This new kind of literature contrasts the writings of the medieval times which were mainly church inspired. Most writings were during the Middle Ages were done by Churchmen and most of it was in Latin. Biographies of the lives of the saints were extremely popular. The printing press in the Renaissance led to a rise of literacy in Europe; therefore the middle class was better educated. The rise of the vernacular also revolutionized literature in the Renaissance, which made it possible for the rising middle class of Europe to read and write in their own language rather than Latin. These breakthroughs in literature separate the Renaissance from medieval times. Emerging from the Middle Ages, the Renaissance was a new age filled with impressive accomplishments. The Dark Ages was a time in which the Church was the center of economic, social and political life while the Renaissance was a period in which human affairs and the advancement of Man were emphasized. Scientific discoveries made by many scholars such as Copernicus and Galileo revolutionized medieval theories on astronomy. If one aspect of Renaissance culture differed noticeably from the Middle Ages, it was art. Artists of this time period strayed from the stiff, religious mold of art to a more realistic approach to art displaying great detail and a variety of emotions. Advances in literature reformed the Renaissance. Inventions such as the printing press and the development of the vernacular led to the rise of literacy in all social classes, which greatly differs from the Middle Ages where only the clergy and few others could read and write. The Renaissance era crackled with energy, filled with remarkable discoveries and advancements. Many would have agreed with the French physician Jean Fernel, who wrote in the early 1500s: â€Å"The world sailed round, the largest Earth’s continents, discovered the printing press sowing knowledge, ancient manuscripts rescued, all witness to the triumph of our New Age. † How to cite Renaissance and Middle Ages, Papers

Belonging the Crucible.Hotel California Essay Example For Students

Belonging: the Crucible.Hotel California Essay The whole song relates to an unwillingness to belong and a yearning to leave. As well as the unwillingness to leave, the mood of the song is isolated and this pertains to not belonging, which relates to the feelings of Tuba in the crucible. Tuba is out of place due to her difference in race and culture. Like in the song, she has no choice as to whether she leaves and is given virtually no rights, as a black woman slave. Related text 2: Visual text- painting 1977 by Peter Booth, Booth paints self-portraits built tromp his deep inner most personal thoughts and feelings. He uses thick brushstrokes and dark desolate colors to provoke negative emotions in his audience. A painting tot isolation, alienation, displacement and estrangement, This painting brings about a sense of not belonging in the audience through the expression on the mans face, the color scheme and his body language. His expression emotes sadness through his blank stare. He looks out of place and unhappy about it. The desolate color scheme suggests mayhem and busyness. The colors red, orange and black representative of anger, displacement and isolation and prevalent over the painting. The stance of the man (hands in his pockets) guests he is uncomfortable where he is, creating a feeling of not belonging.

Ocd Essays (493 words) - Psychiatric Diagnosis,

Ocd What is Obsessive-compulsive disorder? Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the anxiety disorders and is potentially disabling condition according to national institute of mental health, NIMH (2000). Individuals with OCD become trapped in a pattern of repetitive thoughts and behaviors that can be senseless and distressing but are extremely hard to over come. Such as checking things repeatedly (e.g. doors, locks and stoves), constant counting either ?in ones head? or outwardly, etc. Most of theses obsessions are persistent fears that harm may come to self or a loved one, or an unreasonable concern with becoming contaminated, also excessive need for perfection. According to NIMH (2000), sometimes the obsessions are of a violent or a sexual nature, or concern illness. ?Although once thought to be rare, OCD afflicts as many as five million Americans or one in fifty. The disorder is found uniformly in men, women, children and people of all races and socio-economic backgrounds.? (Maidment 1999) According to NIMH (2000), OCD usually begins in adolescence or early adult hood, it may begin in the early childhood years. Onset age is earlier in males between ages 6 and 15 years and between ages 20 and 29 in females. In most cases onset is gradual but some acute onset cases have been noted. Most people with OCD struggle to hide their illness for fear of thought of being ?outcast?, fear of medication and fear of facing ones fears in behavior therapy. ?Usually people hide their illness because of feeling shame for doing/thinking such bizarre things? (Susan F, OC foundation, 1999) They are often successful in concealing their disorder. More often than not they are successful in concealing their obsessive-compulsive symptoms from friends and co-workers. An unfortunate consequence of this secrecy is that people usually do not receive professional help until years after the onset of their disease. By that time, they may have learned to work their lives around the rituals. Treatment for OCD usually comes down to two most effective treatments, which are drug therapy and behavior therapy. It is common that the most effective of these the two can be used together. ?The most effective medications are the SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) Prozac, Paxil, Luvox, and Zoloft as well as the Tricyclic Anafranil.? (Saxena, 1999) These medications generally help but decreased symptoms are any where from 40%-95% success, but each individual is varies. The medications can take anywhere from six to twelve weeks to start showing effect. According to NIMH (2000) the primary behavior therapy uses for OCD treatment is exposure and response prevention. This type is usually most effective. Most people with OCD struggle to banish their unwanted, obsessive thought and to prevent them selves from engaging in compulsive behavior. This resistance can lead to a crippling disorder, with OCD so sever that time consuming rituals take over the sufferers' lives, making it impossible for them to continue activities outside the home. Psychology

Due Process essays

Due Process essays "A right to a fair trial". That statement seems so true at first glance, but when you analyze it, you will find the statement to be quite false at times. People are still treated unjustly and feeling uncomfortable with the criminal justice system. The United States Constitution declares us the "right to a fair trial", yet through the years, some U. S. citizens have not recovered that particular right. Because of mistakes like this, people lose faith in this Constitution. In the Constitution, a right to a free trial can be sum up in one method, "Due Process of Law". The 5th Amendment has the first reference of the term "Due Process of Law". At that time the United States was existing during the colonial ages. The country had just won the Revolutionary War and it was to become a new nation of freedom, truth and justice. When our founding fathers came together to build our nation and constitution, they regretted to include all of the people who were living in the U. S. These people that I speak about are slaves. They were not even considered to be citizens nor an integral part of the U. S. This idea started with the Dred Scott Case, which states that slaves were not U. S. citizens, therefore they were not allowed to have a fair trial. When the slaves became "free", for the next ten years they had all of the rights that were promised to them. Unfortunately, everything usually comes to an end. In 1875, a new President was in office and the Jim Crow laws spread all over the land. When this law began to spread, all of the rights of free slaves began to disappear and cast its ugly shadow over the country. You might think that I am being too dramatic, yet history has shown the extreme loss of rights of some Americans. Minority citizens, mainly African Americans, went through these hardships and tribulations. All of this was mainly due to the fact that "Due Process of Law" did not exist with the Jim Crow Laws. Af...

M7a2 - research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M7a2 - research methods - Essay Example This includes all researchers associated with University Institutional Review Board Handbook in conformity with the set of laws developed by the University Institutional Review Board Handbook. By not getting well-versed consent from the board, Ann will not be following the guidelines developed by the board. Even though she believes she is not interfering with participants, it is important to inform the board so that they conduct their investigations (Institutional Review Board Handbook, 2011). According to the code of federal regulations, participants are humans whom the researcher carrying out research obtains information, through involvement or contact with the person. Therefore, these individuals are known as participants. So, the other main purpose of University Institutional Review Board Handbook is to make sure that the risks to participants are reduced (Institutional Review Board Handbook, 2011). This is illustrates indispensable condition for guarantee. The perseverance of when the study participant is at possibility of being at risk is substance of using an ordinary sense and good professional opinion as it relates to the state of affairs of the research achievement (Corey, Corey & Callanan, 2007). The board will cautiously weigh the comparative risks and remuneration of the investigation measures as they communicate to the study participants. Therefore, researchers are not justified in not obtaining informed consent from the board (Corey, Corey & Callanan, 2007). Ann’s description described above does not meet the Universitys informed consent criteria. This is because she fails to follow the direct procedure developed by the university board. Ann should inform the board about the participants. She should ensure that the participants in the study are fully aware of the risks and that individuals may withdraw from the study at any time without any form of penalty. Ann should also be

Ecoproject3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ecoproject3 - Essay Example Gross domestic is one of the leading predictor of the economic size of the country and his significantly influence the financial market and economic cycles which would be useful in formulating business plan and target projections (Madura,2008,99). Good GDP figures indicate positive performance of the overall economy and vice versa. Inflation rate is a factor in price and cost of input factors and therefore significantly influences investment decision. It would therefore be imperative for the trader from Japan to analyze this factor in the context of US economy. Unemployment rate reflects the consumption level and living standard in general. In the event that unemployment in US is relatively high then this would send wrong signals for a better business future in the country. Considering the trend of the above mentioned factors in the past 12 months in the US, it would be easier to make informed decision in respect of viable engagement. ... Positive GDP predicts better market response for any potential investor and it would therefore important for the Japanese investor to consider starting the venture. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, seasonally adjusted, April 2012–April 2013Month Data retrieved on May 10, 2013 from: http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2013/ted_20130506.htm Month Employment change Apr 2012 112,000 May 2012 125,000 Jun 2012 87,000 Jul 2012 153,000 Aug 2012 165,000 Sep 2012 138,000 Oct 2012 160,000 Nov 2012 247,000 Dec 2012 219,000 Jan 2013 148,000 Feb 2013 332,000 Mar 2013 138,000(p) Apr 2013 165,000(p) From the change of employment rate that can be observed above, it is important to note that the trend in unemployment has been steady and changes very insignificantly. However, the latest period running through March and April 2013 there is slight fall in this change and this means that level of income is still in the right track. It would therefore be viable for the Japanese lady to kick -start the business as the US future is bright except for small disturbances that are likely to arise from economic cycles. Unemployment is one of the most important indicators of the overall economic progress and this is clear from the socio-economic and political concepts that surround employment in the society (Madura, 2008, 99). When the rate of unemployment is fairly down, there is better business prospects in the country and this can be predicted to be working out for US from the data provided by the Federal bureau of statistics. Inflation data for Jan 2012 to March 2013 Retrieved on May 10, 2013: http://inflationdata.com/Inflation/Inflation_Rate/CurrentInflation.asp Year Jan Feb Mar

The Discourse And Discourse Analysis

The Discourse And Discourse Analysis The chapter elaborates the theoretical frameworks used in the present study. It covers the elaboration of mass media, fear and the theories of representation. This chapter also explains Discourse Analysis, the concept of Critical Discourse Analysis, Van Leeuwens framework-discourse as a recontextualization of social practice which is followed by Van Leeuwens notion of representing social actors and action (2008) and Kress and Van Leeuwens theory on Reading Image (2006). 2.1 Mass Media Mass media have become an important part of human life. People can not imagine how they would live without media, such as television, newspaper, magazine, or internet. Mass media today cover global phenomenon such as the programs on health risks, political elections, royal weddings, armed conflict, financial crises, and natural or man-made disaster. However, mass media are not free from ideology (ibid). Any reality (this may include fear) showed in mass media possibly adopts the perspective of dominant groups or the owner of mass media (Van Dijk, 1995). Thus, the following will discuss the concept of fear and mass media with CDA as the tools of analysis to unearth the ideology in particular online news (Kompas.com Detik.com). Here, CDA is very useful to discover hidden messages behind news as part of media discourse (Van Dijk, 1995). The construction of fear in news could also be revealed by employing CDA as the tool of analysis. To start the investigation of fear in the Indonesia online news, the concept of fear and mass media is discussed in the following section. 2.2 Mass Media and Fear Mass media also have potential to arouse and shape emotions locally as well as globally (Doveling, Scheve, Konjin, 2010).The examples are falling in love with one of the characters in a film, shedding tears in a dramatic event, shouting out loud to soccer player who fails to score, and many more. Those examples about specific characters and events are exclusively known via the media, although the audiences or the readers of the media have never met the characters or experienced the events yet. However, the audiences are moved by these examples emotionally. It is the reason why mass media have the potential to play with emotions while in fact nothing real needs to be going on. So, mass media are technically construed means to convey messages, yet they do not have emotions themselves (Doveling, Scheve, Konjin, 2010). Fear as noun is defined as an unpleasant often strong emotion caused by anticipation or awareness of danger; an instance of this emotion; a state marked by this emotion; anxious concern; profound reverence and awe especially toward God and reason for alarm (Merriam Webster Online Dictionary, 2012). Meanwhile, fear can also be regarded as a verb (transitive and intransitive). Merriam Webster Dictionary defines fear as follow: Transitive verb archaic : frighten archaic : to feel fear in (oneself) to have a reverential awe of to be afraid of : expect with alarm Intransitive verb to be afraid or apprehensive Fear pervades in mass media because mass media play a large role in shaping public agendas by influencing what people think about (Shaw and McCombs 1977 cited from Altheide et all, 1999). discourse of fear. It is defined as the pervasive communication, symbolic awareness and expectation that danger and risk are the central feature of the effective environment (Altheide et all, 1999) Altheide et all (1999) elaborate that there are three objects to help discovering fear in mass media. The objects are frame, theme, and discourse. The third object to reveal fear in mass media is through discourse. The investigation of construction fear in discourse is the focus in this study. Thus, the theory of representation which is a departing point to explain discourse and CDA is described in the next part. 2.3. Representation Representation as uncountable noun is the way that someone or something is shown or described while as a countable noun; while as countable noun, representation is understood as a sign, picture, or model of something (Cambridge Advance Learners dictionary 3rd Edition). The same view is also proposed by Longman Advanced America Dictionary which describes representation (countable or uncountable noun) as a way of showing or describing something in art, literature, newspaper, television, etc. Understanding representation is important since this theory can reveal how fear is represented in the online news media. Stuart Halls theory of representation is one of the prominent theories of representation. Hall does not define representation as just a way something described or shown but he goes deeper by defining representation as the production of meaning through language (Hall. 1997 p.1). He argues that language is able to construct meaning since it operates in operates as representational system (Hall, 1997 p.1). In representational system (language), signs are used to symbolize or represent objects, people, or events in real world (Hall, 1997). Moreover, signs can also represent imaginary, fantasy or abstract things (Hall, 1997 p.17), such as the concept of fear. Furthermore, there are two general models of representation; Ferdinand De Saussures and Michael Foucaults approaches to representation. Saussures model is semiotic model that can be defined as the link between the forms of expression used by language (signifier) and the mental concept with them (signified) (Hall, 1997). The second model is Foucaults model to representation. In contrast with Saussures model, Foucault (in Hall 1997 p.44) sees discourse as the system of representation (not language). He argues that meaning and meaningful practices are constructed in discourse, so it implies that nothing meaningful outside discourse (Foucault in Hall, 1997 p.44). Foucault is, then, defined discourse as a way of representing the knowledge about a particular topic at a particular historical monument. From this definition, it can be inferred that Foucault model of representation is historically and context specific where certain power and ideology are involved in producing discourse and knowledge. So far, the discussion of representation has elaborated how meaning is constructed. Two views are raised; meaning is constructed in Language (Saussures model of representation) or Discourse (Foucaults model of representation). This study, then, employs Foucaults model of representation (in Hall, 1997) since this model is more relevant to the tool of analysis of the study which is Critical Discourse Analysis (Van Leeuwens Framework, 2008). The model is chosen since the model of representation is more attached to the concept of knowledge, power, and ideology which are also the main notions of CDA. In order to enrich the understanding of discourse and critical discourses analysis, the elaboration of these concepts is explained in the following section. 2.4. Discourse and Discourse Analysis Discourse often means as an extended stretch of connected speech or writing a text (Van Leeuwen in Wodak and Meyer, 2009). However, some scholars develop a more profound definition of discourse; one of them is Foucault who defines discourses as socially constructed way of knowing some aspect of reality which can be drawn upon when that aspect of reality has to be represented. (Foucault, 1977 cited in Wodak and Meyer, 2009). From different point of view, Fairclough defines discourse as the representation of the world (Fairclough, 2003:124). It involves the representation of processes, relations and structures of the material worlds, the mental world of thought, feelings, beliefs, and the social world (Fairclough, 2003:124). He also distinguished discourse from text since discourse is used to refer to the whole process of social interaction while text is only the output of that process (Fairclough, 1989:24). These two scholars definitions of discourse give implication that discourse is not a just mere connected speech or writing. The notion of discourse raises the concept of reality, knowledge and power (Foucalt 1977 in Wodak and Meyer 2009) and the concept of world representation and social interaction (Fairclough 1989 and 2003). The discussion of discourse raises the question of how discourse is analyzed. Dicourse Analysis is, then, the process of analysis which aims to reveal the relationship between text and the elements of social practice in the society (Paltridge, 2006:2). Zellig Harris is first scholar who introduced the term Discourse Analysis in 1952. He defines Discourse Analysis as a way of analyzing connected speech and writing (Paltridge, 2006:2). Harriss study deals with the examination of language beyond the level of sentence and the investigation of relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic behavior. Afterward, the development of Discourse Analysis influences some areas of applied language study. One of these areas is Critical Discourse Analysis (abbreviated as CDA). CDA was developed based on the fact that the values which underlie texts are often hidden (Paltridge, 2006). The critical approach to Discourse Analysis will help reveal some of these hidden values. Corresponding to this, Fairclough (1992) also states that CDA focuses on how a discourse is produced in relation to power and ideology as well as the effects of the discourse on social identities, relations, knowledge and beliefs. Therefore, this study is geared toward investigating the construction of fear in online news media from discourse perspective (Altheide, 1999). The study is aim to reveal what the construction of fear signifies. These significations may lead to the relation of power, hidden values and ideology in the construction of fear. These significations are also the main notions of CDA. Thus, the more detailed explanation of CDA is explained in the following section. 2.5. Critical Discourse Analysis Paltridge (2006) elaborates Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as the examination of the use of discourse in relation to its socio-cultural phenomena. It examines the way language is used in the discourse and social and cultural situation where it occurs. Distinctively, Van Dijk explains that CDA is a type of discourse analysis which studies the way social power abuse, dominance and inequality are enacted, reproduced and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context. (2008:85). Thus, it can be inferred that one of main purposes of CDA is to try to understand, demonstrate, and resist social inequality. Furthermore, Fairclough and Wodak elucidate eight main principles of CDA. First, CDA addresses social problems by observing the linguistic forms. The concept of power relations are negotiated and performed through discourse is the second principle. The next one is that discourse represents society and culture. Ideologies are produced and reflected in the use of discourse is the fourth principle. The fifth one regards discourse as historical which means that a discourse cannot be separated from discourses before it. The concept of CDA mediates text and society is the sixth principle. Next Principle, CDA is interpretative and explanatory. Last principle, discourse is a form of social action (Fairclough and Wodak, 1997, cited in Van Dijk, 2008:86). These eight main principles of CDA construct the basis for CDAs aim which is to gain a good understanding of how language functions in constituting or transferring knowledge or in exercising power (Wodak and Meyer, 2009). In order to achieve this understanding, CDA requires an interdisciplinary approach. Thus, CDA is not attempted to provide one specific theory. Researches in CDA are varied and come from different theoretical backgrounds. They are also concerned with different data as well as different methodologies. Theo Van Leeuwen is one of the CDA researchers who contributes his approach to CDA. His framework of discourse as the recontextualization of social practice is greatly affected by four important notions from Bernstein, Foucault, Halliday, and Martin (Van Leeuwen, 2008). Thus, the present study employs Van Leeuwens framework of discourse as the recontextualization of social practice (2008) as the main tool of analysis. This study focuses on how social actors and social actions are represented in the construction of fear. Van Leeuwens framework of CDA is also used to reveal what the construction of fear signifies (the power relation, hidden values and ideologies). The elaboration of Van Leeuwens approach to CDA is, then, presented in the next section. 2.6. Van Leeuwens Framework: Discourse as the Recontextualization of Social Practice Van Leeuwen (2008) explains discourse as outlines for the interpretation of reality. His framework on discourse presents methods for reconstructing these outlines through text analysis. It is based on four important notions from four theorists. It is built on Bernsteins concept of recontextualization, Hallidays theory of Transitivity, Foucaults theory of discourse, and Martins theory of activity sequences. (Van Leeuwen, 2008). First, the frameworks based on Bernstein concept of representation (1996). Bernstein defines recontextualization as one of the three fields of pedagogic devices (Bernstein, 1996, cited in Van Leeuwen 2008). It lies between the field of knowledge production and reproduction. The field production of new knowledge takes place in higher education institutions. The recontextualization of knowledge takes place in institutions which interpret education policies into curriculum. Furthermore, the reproduction of knowledge mostly takes place in schools. Bernstein argues that recontextualization regulates rule for delocating a discourse, for relocating it, for refocusing it. (cited in Van Leeuwen, 2008), Thus, it can be inferred that from Bernsteins perpective, recontextualization is shifted from its original position of production to another position where it is changed as it is related to other discourses. However, Van Leeuwen employs this concept in a more general sense. He also associates it to the theory of discourse constructed by Foucault. In Foucaults sense, discourse is a socially constructed knowledge of some social practices (Foucault, 1977, cited in Van Leeuwen, 2008:6). At this point, discourses are seen as the resource of representing social practices in text. It implies that texts can be used to reconstruct discourses. Subsequently, Van Leeuwens framework is also based on Martins concepts of the field of discourse, using lexical cohesion analysis to construct activity sequences-sequences of represented activity (Cited in Van Leeuwen, 2008:5). In building his framework, Van Leeuwen is motivated by the work of Martin concerning the represented activities, roles, setting, etc. Although Martins example is in the form of procedural text, Van Leeuwen argues that all texts should be interpreted as representation of social practices that consist of series of represented activities (van Leeuwen, 2008). 2.7. Representing Social Actors Theo Van Leeuwen (2008) has built an analysis framework regarding the representations of social actors in a text. The following section explains these categories further. 2.7.1. Inclusion and Exclusion In a text, not all of the social actors are presented directly for the readers to see; sometimes the readers have to infer them in one or two places, and sometimes the social actors are not at all present in the text. Whenever the social actors are present in a text, it is called inclusion; and whenever they are absent, it is called exclusion (Van Leeuwen , 2008). Excluded social actors can either be backgrounded or suppressed. If they are backgrounded, it means they can still be referred to somewhere in the text. However if the social actors are suppressed, it means they are not mentioned at all in the text. If the social actors are included in the text, we shall then see their role allocation, whether they are playing an active or passive role, whether they are presented generically or specifically, presented as an individual or as belong in a group, presented as unspecified or specified, referred to by name or category, referred to personally or impersonally, or whether they appear in more than one social practice at the same time (Van Leeuwen , 2008). Therefore, one way to reveal the construction of fear is to see how actors are represented in the discourse. It is important to reveal the representation of social actors since actors play vital role in creating meaning (fear) (Hall 1997, Altheide 1997, Bell, 2003). The exclusion and inclusion of the social actors in the discourse is able to reveal the relation of power and hidden values and ideology in the construction of fear in online news. The following figure is the network of representing social actor. Nomination Inclusionionion Exclusion ionion Supression Backgrounding ionion Activation ionion Passivationionion Participationionion Circumstatialization ionion Possesivation Impersonalization ionion Personalization ionion Determination Indetermination Genericization Specificization Abstraction Objectivation Individualization Assimilation Association Disassociation Differentiation Indifferentiation Categorizationh Single Determination Overdetermination Collectivization Aggregation Functionalization Identification Appraisement Formalization Informalization Titulation Detitulation Semiformalization Inversion Symbolization Connotation Distillation Classification Rel. Iden Physical Iden. Honorification Affiliation Anachronim Deviation FIGURE 1 Social Actor Network (Van Leeuwen, 2008:52) 2.7.2. Role Allocation Role Allocation in Van Leeuwens Framework of representing social actors is the role give to the actor to play in the representation (Van Leeuwen, 2008). The first role allocation is that social actors in a text can either be activated or passivated. Activation and passivation of the social actors can be realized through participation, circumstantialisation and possessivation. When social actors participate in a given activity, participation occurs. While, Circumstantialisation happens when social actors are put within the circumstance. Furthermore, Possessivation happens when social actors become the possession of others (Van Leeuwen 2008). When social actors are passivated, they can either be subjected or beneficialised. Subjected social actors are treated as objects in the representation, while beneficialised social actors are the ones who benefits, either positively or negatively, from the action (Van Leeuwen , 2008). 2.7.3. Genericisation and Specification Talking about genericisation and specification means talking about whether the social actors are represented as classes, or as specific individuals which can be identified. Genericisation can be realized through the plural without article, the singular with the definite article, or mass nouns (a group of participants). Meanwhile specification can be realized through specific nouns or using numerative before the noun. In addition, mass nouns can also signify specification if the tense is not present tense (Van Leeuwen , 2008) 2.7.4. Assimilation and Individualisation The third distinction of role allocation is assimilation and individualization. This role allocation concern about whether the social actors are represented as groups or individuals. The difference lies in the singular and plural form of the social actors. Genericisation and specification can represent social actors either in singular or plural form. Meanwhile, assimilation represents social actors as groups, represents them in plural form. Individualization, The reference of social actors as individuals is called Individualization. Individulaized social actors always be represented them in singular form. Furthermore, assimilation consists of two types; aggregation and collectivization. Aggregation is understood as quantifying groups of participants and treats them as statistics, while collectivization does not. Aggregation is also realized by the presence of definite or indefinite quantifiers which either functions as the numerative or as the head of nominal group. Meanwhile, Collectivization can be realized by a mass noun or a noun denoting a group of people (Van Leeuwen , 2008). 2.7.5. Association and Dissociation A further distinction of the social actor is association and disassociation. It deals when social actors or a group of social actors represented in a text as forming a group, however the group is never labeled. Association can be realized through parataxis, circumstance of accompaniment, possessive pronouns and possessive attributive clauses with verbs such as have and belong (Van Leeuwen , 2008). 2.7.6. Indetermination and Differentiation The notion of indetermination and differentiation deals with whether or not social actors are represented as unspecified or specified. Indetermination, which anonymizes social actors, can be realized through indefinite pronouns and generalized exophoric reference, while differentiation can be realized through specific adjectives (Van Leeuwen , 2008). 2.7.7. Nomination and Categorization Nomination occurs when social actors are represented based on their unique identities, while categorization occurs when they are represented based on their identities and functions which they share with others. Nomination is generally realized by proper noun, in the form of formal (surname only, with or without honorifics), semiformal (given name and surname) or informal (given name only) (Van Leeuwen , 2008). 2.7.8. Functionalization and Identification When social actors are categorized, they can either be represented by means of functionalization or identification. Functionalization occurs when social actors are represented based on what they do; or blatantly put, what they function as, while identification occurs when social actors are represented based on what they are. (Van Leeuwen , 2008). Functionalization is usually realized in one of the following ways: first by a noun formed from verb by adding suffixes, such as -er in interviewer; second by a noun denoting a place or tool closely associated with an activity through suffixes, such as -ist in violist; and third by compounding nouns denoting places or tools closely related with an activity and highly generalized categorizations, such as compounding swords and man into swordsman. In addition, identification has three types, namely classification, relational identification and physical identification. Classification happens when social actors are represented based on their class, age, gender, race, religion, etc. Relational identification happens when social actors are represented based on their relationship or kinship with others. It can be realized by possessive pronoun, postmodifying phrase, or genitive. Physical identification happens when social actors are represented based on their physical characteristics (Van Leeuwen , 2008). 2.7.9. Impersonalisation and Personalisation Impersonalisation and personalization deal with whether social actors are represented as human beings or not. All of the aforementioned categories of social actors representation fall into personalization, because all of them represent social actors as having the quality of human beings. On the other hand,impersonalisation does not represent social actors as having the quality of human beings. Moreover, impersonalisation is divided into two types, namely abstraction and objectivation. Abstraction occurs when social actors are represented by means of quality assign to them, and objectivation occurs when social actors are represented by a place or thing closely related either with the person or with the action in which they are engaged. If they are represented by a place, it is called spatialization; if they are represented by their utterance, what they say or what they write, it is called utterance autonomization; if they are represented by the instrument or tool they use for action, it is called instrumentialization; and if they are represented by a part of their body, it is called somatization. In addition, Leeuwen noted that impersonalisation can background the identity and/or role of social actors, can lend impersonal authority or force to an activity or quality of a social actor, and can add positive or negative connotations to an activity or utterance of a social actor. Impersonalizing social actors takes the audiences focus or attention away from the social actors themselves, emphasizing on the abstract concept, quality or object that is assigned to them (Van Leeuwen , 2008). 2.7.10. Overdetermination Overdetermination occurs when social actors are represented as participating, at the same time, in more than one social practice. It is one of the ways in which texts can legitimize practices. There are four kinds of overdetermination, namely inversion, symbolization, connotation and distillation (Van Leeuwen , 2008). Inversion happens when social actors are connected to two practices which are each others opposite. A well-known example for this, as mentioned by Leeuwen as well, is The Flintstones. The Flintstones family is depicted as people from pre-historic era, as seen from their clothes that are made of animals hides and their house that is made from rocks and stones, yet they do activities that are common in modern era, like watching television, playing bowling and hanging out in a night club. Symbolization happens when fictional social actors stand for actors in non-fictional social practices. Distillation is the combination of generalization and abstraction. It connects social actors to several social practices by abstracting the same feature from social actors involved in these several practices (Van Leeuwen , 2008). This present study utilizes this role allocation in the chosen online news article as the main analysis of the social actor. As mentioned before, the analysis of role allocation aims to reveal how representations of the social actors are allocated in the discourse. This allocation, then, reveals the power relation, hidden values and ideologies in representing social actors in the discourse of fear. 2.8. Representing Social Action The main question that encourages Van Leeuwen in constructing the social action network is that What are the ways in which social action can be represented in English discourse? (2008:3). He believes that the representational choices of actions in the discourse contain meanings that could help to understand the whole discourse. The next section presents the main ways in which social action can be transformed in a discourse (Van Leeuwen , 2008). 2.7 Van Leeuwens Social Action Network This social action network presents the ways in which actions and reactions can be represented in discourse. Figure 1 shows the social action network that is developed by Van Leeuwen. Social Action Reaction Action Activation Deactivation Agentialization Deagentialization Abstraction Concretization Unspecified Cognitive Affective Perceptive Material Transactive Nontransactive Interactive Instrumental Semiotic Behavioral Nonbehavioral Single Determination Overdetermination Form specification Topic specification Rendition Quotation Objectivation Descriptivization Generalization Distillation Eventuation Existentialization Naturalization Symbolization Inversion FIGURE 2. The Social Action Network: The Representation of Actions and Reactions (Van Leeuwen, 2008:73) 2.9.1 Reactions Reactions is understood as the emotions and attitudes toward belong to these actions of the social actors (Van Leeuwen, 2008). Typically, a discourse presents the social actions along with the reactions following them. The way to differentiate the reactions from actions grammatically is by using the criteria in Hallidays transitivity theory of mental processes. According to Van Leeuwen (2008), there are four conditions of mental processes which distinct them from the processes that realizing actions (such as, material, behavioral, or verbal processes). Van Leeuwens argument in mental process is based on Hallidays theory of transitivity (`967-1968, 1985). He argues that the mental processes cannot be probed by a do question. Second, mental processes use the simple present form while material, behavioral, and verbal processes take the progressive present form. Third, the participant of a mental process, the senser, must be a human or is treated as competent of human mental processes. Conclusively, the object of the mental processes can be realized by a clause as well as by a nominal group. (Van Leeuwen, 2008 These four criteria, however in Van Leeuwens view, are not always fully adequate to identify the actions and reactions in the actual text (2008). It is because the identification of actions and reactions is bounded by the grammar of the clause and fails to provide recognition criteria for actions and reactions in the text that use other linguistic level such as nominal group. Another problem is that many reactions are not represented dynamically by mental process clause, for instance, they feared . They can also be represented statically by descriptive clause such as they were afraid. (Van Leeuwen, 2008:57). Halliday solves those problems through his theory of grammatical metaphor (1985). It covers the idea that the concept of mental process is realized literally when it is realized by the grammatical category of mental process; it is realized metaphorically when it is realized in other ways. For examples, it is realized by a static descriptive clause or by elements of nominal group. Those two ways of representing reactions-metaphorically or literally-suggest that there are different metaphors available for representing the reactions. Reactions can be formulated in a number of ways. They can be unspecified through verbs like react and respond denoting a reaction directly. They can also be specified; they are represented as particular types of reactions. In accordance to these, Halliday (cited in Eggins, 2004) differentiates three types of reactions: cognitive (verbs of thinking, knowing, understanding, etc.); affective (verbs of liking, fearing, etc.), and perceptive (verbs of seeing, hearing, perceiving, etc.). 2.9.2 Mat

Narration to Process Analysis

Going to college can be a scary thing for a kid just getting out of high school. Getting out to spread your wings, being out on your own. Making your own decision. Deciding what college to go to can be challenging and a hard decision for such a young person. But as an adult that has a job or career and a family going to college or going back to college may think, that’s not an option for them? Or is it? Don’t be nervous about that anymore, they have a solution for a person that has a job, family and someone who wants to go back to school. It’s called online education. You can go to work, keep up with family obligation and YES go back to school, and keep the balance of everyday life. I am going to try to help you keep that balance of going to an online education school and work and the grueling demands of family life. First of all find a reputable online education school, such as Penn Foster. Sign up for the appropriate course you want, as I am studying Medical Assistant. Wait patiently for your materials to come in the mail. When they come look over the everything carefully, set some small goals. Set a pace, make sure you set time aside each day to study of if not everyday make a schedule that works for you, if you have kids and they go to school and you can study during the day that’s a good time of if they take a nap that’s another good time. If you have to work during the day the best time to study is after the children go to bed. I am lucky at the job I have, sometimes I am able to study while I work. My kids are very athletic and are in sports in school, so when they have meets I take my homework with me and do my studies there. I get my books out in between events and read a chapter in my book or I write a paper. The nice thing about Penn Foster is you have no pressure in doing your studies every day. They give you a year to finish a semester. But in the case you can’t finish your semester in the year, you can extend your semester by 6 months at a time for an extra fee. So you say you get sick or the kids get sick and you can’t study for a period of time, you can take it off without any worries that you would have missed in a classroom situation. Take that time off it’s your decision. But it is a good try to keep on schedule you set for yourself in the beginning of the year, so you can keep things fresh in your mind. So I hope I have helped you in the progress of keeping you well balanced between family, work and your studies, studies at Penn Foster with my own experiences on how I kept up with the everyday demands of my hustle and bustle of work, kids and Penn Foster.

Nacirema Case Paper

The Nacirema case study reminds us how cultural rituals were many years ago and how some of them are still existing today. The Nacirema tribe has many unconventional practices of how they live day to day. From the article â€Å"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema,† it is clear that they believe their bodies are not attractive and should not be presented in a promiscuous way. Professor Linton documented the North American Tribe who think their bodies as naturally disgusting. They perform daily magic rituals to their bodies to prevent it from being decayed or diseased in anyway. Some of the rituals use potions, charms and physical suffering. One ritual they focused on was the one that was concerning the mouth. The Nacirema tribe believed that there is a strong relationship between their mouth and their social life. If they did not perform the oral rituals, it was correlated to them losing their friends and families. They perform a daily â€Å"mouth-rite† which is done by â€Å"inserting a magic bundle of hog hairs into the mouth, along with certain magical powder, and then moving the bundle in a highly formalized series of gestures. † (Allard 20) This body ritual is performed daily by everyone in the Nacirema Tribe. If I was to relate this ritual to something similar in the American culture, I would relate to people brushing their teeth every morning. The bundle of hog hairs (pretty disgusting to put in your mouth) is the same as the American toothbrush. The magic powder is similar to the toothpaste and the action of moving it in a series of formalized gestures is the same as us moving our toothbrush around our mouth to brush our teeth (I’m pretty sure everyone has a routine of how they brush their teeth every morning – I know I do). Along with that, the people also visit the â€Å"mouth-men† voluntarily once or maybe twice a year for torturous mouth rituals. The â€Å"holy-mouth-man† enhances any existing holes in the person’s teeth by using crude tools and then continues to fill the holes with â€Å"magical materials. † These magical materials that are placed into the holes of the teeth are used to stop their teeth from decaying and to draw friends closer. What surprised me is that even if these people did not have any naturally occurring holes in their teeth, the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† would gauge out normal teeth to purposely make holes in the client’s mouth. He would then follow through to filling them with the â€Å"magic materials. Part of this ritual is similar to the American culture of visiting the dentist. It is recommended for people to visit the dentist at least once or twice a year. The idea of filling any holes in the teeth seems like they are talking about people having cavities in the teeth. In the American culture, dentists use ‘fillers’ which is similar to the â€Å"magic al material† used to fix the holes in the teeth. I am surprised that the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† would proceed to make a hole in a client’s teeth even if they are perfectly fine. I find that appalling and not similar to the American culture. I also find it to be strange that these people still visit the â€Å"holy-mouth-man† even though their teeth are not getting any better. They still continue to go through the suffering just to be accepted in the Nacirema Tribe. After reviewing the article by Horace Miner, it is apparent that people of the Nacirema Tribe seem to have a reason for everything they do regardless of whether it is right or wrong or makes sense or not. Some of those reasons make sense but the main one that concerns me is why they inflict pain and harm on one another in these forms of rituals when physical torture is not even required for them. A prime example would be the one I discussed earlier of making holes in teeth when their teeth are perfectly fine. There is no need to purposely cause pain to the client to make a hole in their teeth when it is not necessary. This kind of behavior is related to people who are associated with masochism and sadism. Masochism is derived from inflicting pain on one self and sadism is derived from inflicting pain on others. The people are going to the â€Å"mouth-men† to inflict pain on themselves even if they do not need to. What is interesting is that Nacirema is actually American spelled backwards. It brings attention to whether these types of rituals are all make-believe or fantasy with the terms used such as â€Å"magic. † These rituals would not be accepted in the American culture (in the horrendous way it is described) but it relates to diversity and the acceptance of everyone’s culture regardless of whether you will follow it or not per say. This article is a great example of people during barbaric things which might not be acceptable to one person but is the norm to another.

The Death Of The Abortion - 3267 Words

Kimberly Arreola English 102 Ms. Kim Everett 8 December 2014 Let Them Live She was in an on again, off again relationship with her boyfriend for two years. One day, they had a fight that ended their relationship. After a couple of weeks later, she found out that she was pregnant. She told her ex-boyfriend that she was pregnant, and then the ex-boyfriend told her to abort the baby inside of her. He wanted her to do that because he thought they could not afford to have a child with just earning a minimum wage. The night before abortion, she could not sleep and she could not stop thinking about the baby inside of her. As she went to the abortion clinic, she was so nervous that she was shaking and could not fill out her paperwork properly.†¦show more content†¦There are two kinds of induced abortion, surgical and chemical. Surgical abortion procedures include manual vacuum aspiration, suction curettage, saline, and hysterotomy. Chemical abortion options include pills called, RU-486 also called as the abortion pill, methotrexate and misoprostol and the morning after pill. Overall, the purpose of these procedures is to kill the fetus by suffocating using substances and not giving it medical attention. In 1973, abortion became legal when Roe v Wade, a landmark decision in the Supreme Court issue declared that anti-abortion laws are unconstitutional. The decision allowed women with consultation of a state-licensed physician to legally have an abortion in the early stages of pregnancy. The court found that a woman’s decision to terminate a pregnancy in the first trimester was protected under the â€Å"right of privacy†¦founded in the Fourteenth Amendment’s concept of personal liberty† (â€Å"U.S. Abortion History†). Statistic shows that from 1973 through 2011 53 million abortions in the US were legally performed. In 2011 approximately 1.06 million abortions were executed in the United States (â€Å"Abortion ProCon.org†). According to Guttmacher Institute, there are three common reasons why women choose abortion: having a baby would â€Å"interfere with work, school or other responsibilities, cannot afford to have a child and they do not want t o be a single parent or have problems with their