Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates ( scratching ) - wizard of the most serious and dissemination get together concourses of natural organic fertiliser compounds.\n\nThey account for 80 % of the ironic seed material , and almost 2 % of the dry substance of wight organisms .\n\nAnimals and people argon not open to synthesize coles and weaken - out them with divers(prenominal) food veggie origin.\n\nIn plants, carbohydrates argon imprinted from cytosine dioxide and water in the knotty response of photosynthesis carried out by solar expertness with the squirt key of plants - chlorophyl.\n\nDepending on the organize of carbohydrates (sugars ) ar carve up into:\n\n6SO2 + 6 urine C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---------\n\n1. monosaccharides :\n\n- Glucose C6H12O6\n\n- Fructose C6H12O6\n\n- Ribose S5N10O5\n\n2 . disaccharides :\n\n- saccharose S12N22O11\n\n3 . polysaccharides :\n\n- Starch ( S6N10O5 ) n\n\n- Cellulose ( S6N10O5 ) n\n\nmonosaccharides\n\nglucose C6H12O6\n\nIn humans, glucose is containe d in the muscles, the agate line in abject amounts in completely cells.\n\nMuch glucose is in fruits, berries, nectar of flowers , particularly a fix of grapes .\n\nIn nature, glucose is produced in plants as a result of photosynthesis in the forepart of green matter - chlorophyll containing magnesium portion .\n\n6SO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----------\n\nThere atomic number 18 the following morphological construction of glucose :\n\n- cave in chain - Glucose is both(prenominal) poly divisionic\n\nnym alcoholic drink and aldehyde .\n\n- Cyclic, which has a disparate spatial body structure -\n\nof :\n\nand - form glucose - hydroxyl group group group (-OH ) at the first and\n\nthe southwardment carbon atom located at one side of the ring .\n\nb - a form of glucose - the hydroxide groups atomic number 18 on pivotal\n\nof the ring of the molecule.\n\nThese forms be in ascendant in a chemical substance balance with each\n\n other reaction ( glucose mutarotation ) . \n\n to the highest degree H\n\nCH2OH CH2OH C\n\nN O N N - C - H He nearly It\n\n only when ==== H - C - H H ====\n\nHe H H - C - H He He\n\nHe He H - C - H He He\n\nHe CH2OH H H He\n\na - b glucose - glucose\n\n set :\n\n1. Hydrolysis of amylum in the presence of sulfuric venomous ( industrial\n\ntion method) :\n\n( S6N10O5 ) n + ----- nC6H12O6 nN2O\n\nstarch , glucose\n\n2 . deduction of formaldehyde in the presence of atomic number 20 hydroxide\n\n(proposed by AM yetlerov )\n\n to the highest degree Ca (OH) 2\n\n6H - With ---------- C6H12O6\n\nformaldehyde H glucose\n\n bodily plaza:\n\nGlucose - a pale perspicuous warm with a good-natured UWC - Som , quickly water-soluble in aqueous solution crystallizes vode.Iz .\n\nchemical substance properties:\n\nChemical properties ar due to the presence of an aldehyde ( - CHO) and a hydroxyl (-OH ) groups.\n\n1. Properties characteristic of alcohols :\n\n- Vzaimdeystvie with carboxylic social diseases to form complex\n\nt ion esters ( esterification reaction ) .\n\n2 . Properties characteristic of aldehydes :\n\nfundamental interaction with smooth oxide (I) to ammonia solution\n\n(reaction silver mirror )\n\n somewhat rough\n\nCH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - Ag2O + C ----- CH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - C +2 Ag\n\ngluconic acid glucose H He\n\n- reduction ( hydrogenation) - to hexahydroxyalcohols ( sor -\n\nbit):\n\n astir(predicate) [H]\n\nCH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - CH2 OH C ------ - [CH (OH)] 4 - CH2 OH\n\nH glucose sorbitol\n\n3 . proper(postnominal) reactions - excitement:\n\n- boozer upheaval :\n\nC6H12O6 + 2CO2 ----- 2S2N5ON\n\nglucose, ethyl alcohol\n\n- lactic fermentation:\n\n about\n\nC6H12O6 ----- 2CH3 - CH - C\n\nhe He\n\nglucose , lactic acid\n\n- butyric acid fermentation :\n\n about(predicate)\n\nC6H12O6 ----- C3H7 - C 2 H 2 2 CO2\n\nhe\n\nglucose butyric acid\n\nApplication:\n\n- In the confectionery manufacturing ,\n\n- In medicine,\n\n- utilise in chemical production fermentation products ( alc ohol) .\n\n levulose\n\nH\n\nH - C - He\n\nHe HOCH2 About C = O\n\nBut - C - H\n\nBut H or H - C - He\n\nCH2OH H H - C - He\n\nH - C - He\n\nHe NN\n\nFructose is ketonospirtom because contains a functional group of alcohols and ketones He - C = O.\n\nFructose produced by hydrolysis of saccharose and polisaharidov.Horosho digested.\n\nDisaccharides .\n\nDisaccharides - crystal clear carbohydrates, the molecules of which post- roeny of interlink residues of dickens molecules of monosaccharides - rows .\n\nThey are advantageously crystallized , ratvorimye in-water of curve kim taste.\n\nIn the hydrolysis of the disaccharide molecule is split into dickens molecules of monosaccharides.\n\nCH2OH\n\nN O N H2SO4 HOCH2 About It , t\n\nH2O + H ----------\n\nBut he NN\n\nHe --- O --- CH2OH\n\nH He He H\n\nsaccharose\n\nCH2OH\n\nN O N HOCH2 About It\n\nH\n\nHe + ------ H H But\n\nHe He H CH2OH\n\nH He He H\n\nglucose fructose\n\nThe simplest representatives of disaccharides are ordinary b eetroot or rag sugar - sucrose, malt sugar - maltose, milk sugar - lactose and cellobiose .\n\n each(prenominal) these disaccharides have the claim same formula S12N22O11 .\n\nsaccharose .\n\n sucrose molecule consists of molecules interconnected residual glucose and fructose.\n\nsaccharose is included in the composition , and sugar beet juice trostnyaka from which it is obtained in the industry.\n\nPhysical property:\n\nSucrose (pure ) - Colorless crystalline substance slvdko second flavor readily soluble in water.\n\nChemical properties:\n\nSucrose is hydrolyzed - degradation in the presence of mineral acid and assign temperature to glucose and fructose.\n\nS12N22O11 H2O + ------- + C6H12O6 C6H12O6\n\nsucrose, fructose , glucose\n\nApplication:\n\n- As food ,\n\n- In the confectionery industry ,\n\n- To receive contrived honey ( sucrose hydrolysis ) .